Sunday, May 17, 2020

The Suez Crisis Key in the Decolonization of Africa

In 1922, Britain granted Egypt limited independence, ending its protectorate status and creating a sovereign state with Sultan Ahmad Fuad as king. In actuality, however, Egypt only achieved the same rights as British dominion states like Australia, Canada, and South Africa. Egyptian foreign affairs, the defense of Egypt against foreign aggressors, the protection of foreign interests in Egypt, the protection of minorities (ie Europeans, who formed only 10 percent of the population, albeit the wealthiest part), and the security of communications between the rest of the British Empire and Britain itself through the Suez Canal, were still under direct control of Britain. Although Egypt was ostensibly ruled by King Faud and his prime minister, the British high commissioner was a significant power. Britains intention was for Egypt to achieve independence through a carefully controlled, and potentially long-term, timetable. Decolonized Egypt suffered the same problems that later African states encountered. Its economic strength lay in its cotton crop, effectively a cash crop for the cotton mills of northern England. It was important to Britain that they maintained control over the production of raw cotton, and they stopped Egyptian nationalists from pushing the creation of a local textile industry and gaining economic independence. World War II Interrupts Nationalistic Developments World War II postponed further confrontation between British post-colonialists and Egyptian nationalists. Egypt represented a strategic interest for the Allies—it controlled the route through North Africa to the oil-rich regions of the middle east, and provided the all-important trade and communications route through the Suez Canal to the rest of Britains empire. Egypt became a base for Allied operations in North Africa. The Monarchists After World War II, however, the question of complete economic independence was important to all political groups in Egypt. There were three different approaches: the Saadist Institutional Party (SIP) which represented the liberal tradition of the monarchists was heavily discredited by their history of accommodation for foreign business interests and the support of an apparently decadent royal court. The Muslim Brotherhood Opposition to the liberals came from the Muslim Brotherhood who wished to create an Egyptian/Islamic state which would exclude Westernized interests. In 1948 they assassinated the SIP prime minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha as a reaction to demands that they disband. His replacement, Ibrahim Abd al-Hadi Pasha, sent thousands of Muslim Brotherhood members to detention camps, and the Brotherhoods leader Hassan el Banna, was assassinated. The Free Officers A third group emerged amongst young Egyptian army officers, recruited from the lower middle-classes in Egypt but educated in English and trained for the military by Britain. They rejected both the liberal tradition of privilege and inequality and the Muslim Brotherhood Islamic traditionalism for a nationalistic viewpoint of economic independence and prosperity. This would be achieved through the development of industry (especially textiles). For this, they needed a strong national power supply and looked to damming the Nile for hydroelectricity. Declaring a Republic On the 22nd-23rd of July 1952, a cabal of army officers, known as the free officers, led by Lieutenant Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Faruk in a coup dà ©tat. Following a brief experiment with civilian rule, the revolution continued with the declaration of a republic on 18 June 1953, and Nasser becoming Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. Funding the Aswan High Dam Nasser had grand plans—envisaging a pan-Arab revolution, led by Egypt, which would push the British out of the Middle East. Britain was particularly wary of Nassers plans. Increasing nationalism in Egypt also had France worried—they were facing similar moves by Islamic nationalists in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The third country to be perturbed by increasing Arabic nationalism was Israel. Although they had won the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and were growing economically and militarily (primarily backed by arms sales from France), Nassers plans could only lead to more conflict. The United States of America, under President Eisenhower, was desperately trying to play down Arab-Israeli tensions. To see this dream come to fruition and for Egypt to become an industrial nation, Nasser needed to find funding for the Aswan High Dam project. Domestic funds were not available—during the previous decades, Egyptian businessmen had moved funds out of the country, fearing a program of nationalization for both crown property and what limited industry existed. Nasser, however, found a willing source of funds with the US. The US wanted to ensure stability in the Middle East, so they could concentrate on the growing threat of communism elsewhere. They agreed to give Egypt $56 million directly, and another $200 million through the world bank The US Reneges on the Aswan High Dam Funding Deal Unfortunately, Nasser was also making overtures (selling cotton, buying arms) to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and communist China—and on July 19, 1956, the US canceled the funding deal citing Egypts ties to USSR. Unable to find alternative funding, Nasser looked to the one thorn in his side—the control of the Suez Canal by Britain and France. If the canal was under Egyptian authority it could rapidly create the funds needed for the Aswan High Dam project, conceivably in less than five years! Nasser Nationalizes the Suez Canal On July 26, 1956, Nasser announced plans to nationalize the Suez Canal, Britain responded by freezing Egyptian assets and then mobilizing its armed forces. Things escalated, with Egypt blocking the straits of Tiran, at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba, which was important to Israel. Britain, France, and Israel conspired to end Nassers domination of Arab politics and return the Suez Canal to European control. They thought that the US would back them—only three years before the CIA had backed a coup dà ©tat in Iran. However, Eisenhower was furious—he was facing re-election and didnt want to risk the Jewish vote at home by publicly castigating Israel for warmongering. Tripartite Invasion On 13 October the USSR vetoed an Anglo-French proposal to take control of the Suez Canal (Soviet ship-pilots were already assisting Egypt in running the canal). Israel had condemned the UNs failure to resolve the Suez Canal crisis and warned that they would have to take military action, and on October 29th, they invaded the Sinai peninsula. On November 5th British and French forces made an airborne landing at Port Said and Port Fuad and occupied the canal zone. International pressure mounted against the Tripartite powers, especially from both the US and Soviets. Eisenhower sponsored a UN resolution for a cease-fire on November 1st, and on 7 November the UN voted 65 to 1 that invading powers should quit Egyptian territory. The invasion officially ended on 29 November and all British and French troops were withdrawn by December 24th. Israel, however, refused to give up Gaza (it was put under UN administration on March 7, 1957). The Suez Crisis for Africa and the World The failure of the Tripartite Invasion and the actions of both the USA and USSR showed African nationalists throughout the continent that international power had moved from its colonial masters to the two new superpowers. Britain and France lost considerable face and influence. In Britain Anthony Edens government disintegrated and power passed to Harold Macmillan. Macmillan would be known as the decolonizer of the British Empire and would make his famous wind of change speech in 1960. Having seen Nasser take on and win against Britain and France, nationalists throughout Africa set to with greater determination in the struggle for independence. On the world stage, USSR took the opportunity of Eisenhowers preoccupation with the Suez Crisis to invade Budapest, further escalating the cold war. Europe, having seen the US side against Britain and France, was set on the path to the creation of the EEC. But whilst Africa gained in its struggle for independence from colonialism, it also lost. The US and USSR discovered that it was a great place to fight the Cold War—troops and funding started to pour in as they vied for special relationships with Africas future leaders, a new form of colonialism by the back door.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Group Influence Paper - 1284 Words

Group Influence Paper When people think of groups they think it is something they, have to join but individuals are in groups when they can identify with one another, have frequently interactions, work for a common cause, and can share the same values and beliefs. According to Myers (2010), a group is â€Å"two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as us† (p. 268). Sometimes individuals are in groups and do not even know it. â€Å"Groups are a fundamental part of social life† (Smith, 2008). This papers purpose is to understand a group setting and observe the group conversing about a topic or topics of interest, show how the group members interact and impact one another, examine how the groups behavior and communication patterns influence social facilitation and incorporate my findings with evidence-based literature. 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Mental Health Issues Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Issues. Answer: Signs of mental health issues experienced by Sarah: Sarah seemed to be distracted from the conversation her colleagues were having. She was withdrawn from the team (which seemed to be unusual judging by her colleagues expression), and showed a lack of interest in their conversation. She was not even listening to the conversation her colleagues were having about the event, until she was called. She seemed to be quite worried, and exhausted which seemed to be affecting her mood. She literally lashed out rather impolitely, at her colleagues when they tried to insist upon her inclusion in the event. She also seemed to be in confident and isolated due to how she felt. The sense of Isolation can be lined to depression, fatigue, headache and psychological issues (Deng, 2017). She was reluctant to discuss what was on her mind and why she was stressed out, fearing she might be judged for it. Instead, she rushed out of the conversation to avoid the question. She strongly showed signs of anxiety suggesting that she might be suffering from Depres sion (Fan, Blumenthal, Watkins, Sherwood., 2015). Reaction of Sarahs co workers to her response: Sarahs co workers seemed to have noticed the sudden change in her behaviour, and showed concern over it. However, they felt that the change was probably a phase, and is therefore temporary. They probable didnt give much of a thought into it, and their reaction was rather casual about it. They tried to insist Sarah upon her participation, but quickly stopped after her response. I believe the reaction of the co workers were not completely out of place, however, trying to insist her might not have been the best idea, and that brought about the stern reaction from Sarah. It also caused her to leave the place, seeking solitude from her colleagues and the conversation, which might have affected her work too. A certain lack of sensitivity was exhibited in the scenario (Egbert, Miraldi, Murniadi, 2014). My reflection upon the approach made by Sarahs manager. Sarah manager showed great maturity and patience in handling the situation. He was able to notice the behavioral change in her, and was quick to approach her to check if she was alright. He even insisted to set up a meeting with her, arranging another employee to cover her duties while she was at meeting. He was appreciative of Sarahs effort, and acknowledged her importance in the team, and assured her that she needs not to worry about the meeting. That seemed to have instilled a modicum of confidence in her, and she agreed for the meeting. He showed concern for Sarahs well being, which also seemed to have a positive effect on her body language, and she seemed to be more at ease, and more agreeable after that. This shows that the manager was trying his best to implement Psychological Disability Management for Sarah (Harder, Wagner Rash, 2016) The strategies, interventions, and techniques utilized by Sarahs manager: The manager suggested Employee Assistance Program that provided Counseling Sessions that were confidential (Winston, Winegar, 2014). He empathized on Sarahs condition, asked her if she had anyone to talk to, and if she wanted to talk to him about her problems. He related a personal experience regarding his sister, and tried to build alliance with Sarah, which helped her to open up (Karp, 2016). He offered to act as a mediator of information between her and her colleagues regarding the issue, if she didnt feel talking about it to them, and assured to share only what she wanted. He acknowledged her privacy and her perception of the situation, providing a workplace Intervention to help Sarah (Cooper Quick, 2017). He assured Sarah, that she could talk to him about her issues, if that made her feel better, and ensured that she need not to feel alone or isolated dealing with this. He also offered to make temporary changes in work, which can help Sarah, putting up temporary plan into place that can bring in some variety and help her to concentrate better. Efficacy of the anecdote given by Sarahs Manager. The anecdote (of getting good sleep, eating well and seeking medical help) seemed to have worked since Sarah took up the suggestion to seek for medical help, and also showed interest in the temporary plan to help her. She informed that the sessions were very helpful and she is able to cope better now, and shared opinions how her manager could help her during this time. The interventions seemed to have helped her cognitive bias that was exaggerating her symptoms (Cristea, Kok Cuijpers, 2015). Useful aspects of managers approach: The manager showed empathy, patient and was proactive in his response, and in offering help to Sarah. His intention was to ensure she does not feel isolated, and she has someone she could talk to. He offered all the help in his capacity to help her, and provided assurance to her, ensuring that she does not have to feel stressed out. Acknowledging her as an important part of the team acted to motivate her, and instill confidence in her. The positivity shown by the manager seemed to have helped Sarah (Dranovsky Leonardo, 2015). Reflection on how differently I might have handled the situation: If I were in the place of Sarahs manager, I would have managed the situation in the same approach. However, I would have also added a checklist for Sarah, of activities that might help her to deal with depression. The checklist would include: Setting a daily routine, setting goals, Exercise, Health eating, Proper Sleep, Assuming responsibilities, Challenging Negative Thoughts, Checking with the doctor, engaging in new activities and trying to have fun (Griffin, 2017). Possible measures I could have taken if Sarah showed resistance to the feedback: If Sarah showed resistance to the feedback, it would suggest that I was not able to communicate properly with her, and unable to empathize with her situation. It could also mean that Sarah felt stronger reluctance to seek help and assistance. As a manager, ensuring the work productivity is not hampered is important as well as ensuring the well being of the employees. In such circumstance stated above, I would have arranged for a group intervention for her (Denninger et al., 2014). I would also keep a close look on her work performance, and her interaction between other employees. I would also seek inputs from her co workers, to ensure no details have been missed on my checklist, and address each of them appropriately. I would also suggest screening for depression for Sarah (Siu et al., 2016). References: Cooper, C. L., Quick, J. C. (Eds.). (2017).The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice. John Wiley Sons. Cristea, I. A., Kok, R. N., Cuijpers, P. (2015). Efficacy of cognitive bias modification interventions in anxiety and depression: meta-analysis.The British Journal of Psychiatry,206(1), 7-16. Deng, Y. (2017).Cultivating Workplace Well-being: A Living Office Renewal(Doctoral dissertation). Denninger, J., Jacquart, J., Miller, K., Radossi, A., Haime, V., Macklin, E., ... Fricchione, G. (2014). The Effectiveness of a Community-Based Mind Body Group Intervention for Depression Anxiety: A Pilot Study.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,20(5), A55-A55. Dranovsky, A., Leonardo, E. D. (2015). Neuroscience: the power of positivity.Nature,522(7556), 294-295. Egbert, N., Miraldi, L. B., Murniadi, K. (2014). Friends don't let friends suffer from depression: How threat, efficacy, knowledge, and empathy relate to college students'; intentions to intervene on behalf of a depressed friend.Journal of health communication,19(4), 460-477. Fan, L. B., Blumenthal, J. A., Watkins, L. L., Sherwood, A. (2015). Work and home stress: associations with anxiety and depression symptoms.Occupational Medicine,65(2), 110-116. Griffin, M. (2017).10 Natural Depression Treatments.WebMD. Retrieved 16 November 2017, from https://www.webmd.com/depression/features/natural-treatments#2 Harder, H. G., Wagner, S., Rash, J. (2016).Mental illness in the workplace: Psychological disability management. Routledge. Karp, D. A. (2016).Speaking of sadness: Depression, disconnection, and the meanings of illness. Oxford University Press. Pp- 9-11 Siu, A. L., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Grossman, D. C., Baumann, L. C., Davidson, K. W., Ebell, M., ... Krist, A. H. (2016). Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Jama,315(4), 380-387. Winston, W., Winegar, N. (2014).Employee assistance programs in managed care. Routledge.